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DATE 2022-05-01

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Date: Wed, 04 May 2022 21:05:27 +0000
From: "nixCraft: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials,
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"; format=flowed; delsp=yes

nixCraft: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, And Ideas In Blog Format (RSS/FEED)

///////////////////////////////////////////
Understanding the /etc/shells file

Posted: 04 May 2022 01:31 PM PDT
https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide//etc/shells


{Updated} Did you know? Many Linux system services and login under Linux or
Unix OS consult /etc/shells file. It contains a list of login shells on the
system. Applications use this file to determine whether a shell is valid.
Setting the wrong shell path will deny login.
The post Understanding the /etc/shells file appeared first on nixCraft.

///////////////////////////////////////////
How to make disk image with dd on Linux or Unix

Posted: 04 May 2022 01:26 PM PDT
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-dd-create-make-disk-image-commands/


{Updated} How to make disk image with dd on a Linux or Unix for backup and
restore purposes
The post How to make disk image with dd on Linux or Unix appeared first on
nixCraft.

///////////////////////////////////////////
A cautionary tale about locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts

Posted: 04 May 2022 12:52 PM PDT
https://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/




Like every other solo developer and sysadmin, I do stuff using ssh. Some
stuff is automated using scripts, and others require ssh login. For
example, one of my scripts logs into my Linux and FreeBSD server using
public ssh keys and does a particular type of work for me. I have a
dedicated user account for that purpose called autovivek on Raspberry PI 4
for Ansible and custom script automation. Here is how it works:

{rpi4:~}$ ssh autovivek-at-192.168.2.17 /path/to/taks1

In other cases, it sends scripts and then executes them on the remote
server named 192.168.2.17. Sounds good, right? So, when I need to make
backups and other tasks, I lock down the autovivek user account on the
server so that it will not modify data on disks. For example, here is how
to lock down a user account:

{linux-server:~}$ sudo usermod -L -e 1 autovivek

## OR ##

{freebsd-server:~}$ sudo pw lock -n autovivek
A cautionary tale about locking Linux and FreeBSD user accounts

However, I soon discovered that a user named autovivek can still log into
the server and make changes despite being locked down on both Linux and
FreeBSD servers.

Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit

The post A cautionary tale about locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts
appeared first on nixCraft.

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w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">


TF-8">
nixCraft: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, And Ideas In Blog Fo=<BR>rmat (RSS/FEED)



=3D"margin:0 2em;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;=
font-size:13px;color:#000000;">






ly:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;" h=
ref=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/atom/" title=3D"(https://www.cyberciti.biz=
/atom/)"> nixCraft Linux / UNIX Newsletter


biz/atom/">go-200pxh.jpg " alt=3D"Link to nixCraft: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, And =
Ideas In Blog Format (RSS/FEED)" id=3D"feedimage" style=3D"padding:0 0 10px=
3px;border:0;">
















tica, sans-serif;font-size:18px;" href=3D"https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/=
/etc/shells">Understanding the /etc/shells file


3px 0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:1=
3px;">
Posted: 04 May 2022 01:31 PM PDT


, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;color:#000000;">"0" src=3D"https://bash.cyberciti.biz/uploads/bashwiki/thumb/9/93/Understan=
ding_Linux_and_Unix_-etc-shells_file.png/800px-Understanding_Linux_and_Unix=
_-etc-shells_file.png">
{Updated} Did you know? M=
any Linux system services and login under Linux or Unix OS consult /etc/she=
lls file. It contains a list of login shells on the system. Applications us=
e this file to determine whether a shell is valid. Setting the wrong shell =
path will deny login.
The post de//etc/shells">Understanding the /etc/shells file appeared first on href=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/">nixCraft.



tica, sans-serif;font-size:18px;" href=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/uni=
x-linux-dd-create-make-disk-image-commands/">How to make disk image with dd=
on Linux or Unix


3px 0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:1=
3px;">
Posted: 04 May 2022 01:26 PM PDT


, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;color:#000000;">"0" src=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2016/08/How-to-make-disk=
-image-with-dd-on-Linux-or-Unix-599x450.png">
{Updatedrong>} How to make disk image with dd on a Linux or Unix for backup and res=
tore purposes
The post ux-dd-create-make-disk-image-commands/">How to make disk image with dd on L=
inux or Unix
appeared first on n=
ixCraft
.



tica, sans-serif;font-size:18px;" href=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/network=
ing/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/">A caution=
ary tale about locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts


3px 0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:1=
3px;">
Posted: 04 May 2022 12:52 PM PDT


, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;color:#000000;">
http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

/new/cms/2022/05/A-cautionary-tale-about-locking-Linux-and-FreeBSD-user-acc=
ounts-and-ssh-logins.png">3D"A and FreeBSD user accounts and ssh logins" class=3D"aligncenter size-medium=
wp-image-1962" height=3D"382" src=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/c=
ms/2022/05/A-cautionary-tale-about-locking-Linux-and-FreeBSD-user-accounts-=
and-ssh-logins-599x382.png" width=3D"599">


Like every other solo developer and sysadmi=
n, I do stuff using ssh. Some stuff is automated using scripts, and others =
require ssh login. For example, one of my scripts logs into my Linux and Fr=
eeBSD server using public ssh keys and does a particular type of work for m=
e. I have a dedicated user account for that purpose called autovivek on Ras=
pberry PI 4 for Ansible and custom script automation. Here is how it works:=


ds in a $ sign and is not part of the command for the nonprivileged user.">=
{rpi4:~}$
ssh autovivek-at-192.168.2.17 /path/to/taks1


In other cases, it sends scripts and then executes them on the remote serve=
r named 192.168.2.17. Sounds good, right? So, when I need to make backups a=
nd other tasks, I lock down the autovivek user account on the server so tha=
t it will not modify data on disks. For example, here is how to lock down a=
user account:

ds in a $ sign and is not part of the command for the nonprivileged user.">=
{linux-server:~}$
sudo usermod -L -e 1 autovivek

## OR ##

a $ sign and is not part of the command for the nonprivileged user.">{freeb=
sd-server:~}$
sudo pw lock -n autovivek


A cautionary tale about locking Linux and FreeBSD user accounts


However, I soon discovered that a user named autovivek can still log int=
o the server and make changes despite being locked down on both Linux and F=
reeBSD servers.


Love this? sudo share_on: tweet?url=3Dhttps://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/a-cautionary-tale-about-lo=
cking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/&text=3DA cautionary tale about locki=
ng Linux & FreeBSD user accounts&via=3Dnixcraft">Twitter
g> - s://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-free=
bsd-user-accounts/">Facebook
- linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=3Dhttps://www.cyberciti.biz/network=
ing/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/">LinkedIn<=
/a>
- bout locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts https://www.cyberciti.biz/ne=
tworking/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/">What=
sapp
- s://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-free=
bsd-user-accounts/&title=3DA cautionary tale about locking Linux & =
FreeBSD user accounts">Reddit


The post le-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/" rel=3D"nofollow">A cautionar=
y tale about locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts
appeared first o=
n nixCraft.

<=
/div>


-top:4px;margin-top:1.5em;width:100%" xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml=
">





l,Sans-Serif;font-size:11px;margin:0 6px 1.2em 0;color:#333;">You are subsc=
ribed to email updates from nix=
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To stop receiving these emails, you may
https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailunsubscribe?k=3DMogcj77AGstNQKqpfoHR=
vb2hluE">unsubscribe now
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Sans-Serif;font-size:11px;margin:0 6px 1.2em 0;color:#333;text-align:right;=
vertical-align:top">Email delivery powered by Google
l,Sans-Serif;font-size:11px;margin:0 6px 1.2em 0;color:#333;" colspan=3D"2"=
>Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States<=
/td>





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_______________________________________________
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nixCraft: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, And Ideas In Blog Format (RSS/FEED)

///////////////////////////////////////////
Understanding the /etc/shells file

Posted: 04 May 2022 01:31 PM PDT
https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide//etc/shells


{Updated} Did you know? Many Linux system services and login under Linux or
Unix OS consult /etc/shells file. It contains a list of login shells on the
system. Applications use this file to determine whether a shell is valid.
Setting the wrong shell path will deny login.
The post Understanding the /etc/shells file appeared first on nixCraft.

///////////////////////////////////////////
How to make disk image with dd on Linux or Unix

Posted: 04 May 2022 01:26 PM PDT
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-dd-create-make-disk-image-commands/


{Updated} How to make disk image with dd on a Linux or Unix for backup and
restore purposes
The post How to make disk image with dd on Linux or Unix appeared first on
nixCraft.

///////////////////////////////////////////
A cautionary tale about locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts

Posted: 04 May 2022 12:52 PM PDT
https://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/




Like every other solo developer and sysadmin, I do stuff using ssh. Some
stuff is automated using scripts, and others require ssh login. For
example, one of my scripts logs into my Linux and FreeBSD server using
public ssh keys and does a particular type of work for me. I have a
dedicated user account for that purpose called autovivek on Raspberry PI 4
for Ansible and custom script automation. Here is how it works:

{rpi4:~}$ ssh autovivek-at-192.168.2.17 /path/to/taks1

In other cases, it sends scripts and then executes them on the remote
server named 192.168.2.17. Sounds good, right? So, when I need to make
backups and other tasks, I lock down the autovivek user account on the
server so that it will not modify data on disks. For example, here is how
to lock down a user account:

{linux-server:~}$ sudo usermod -L -e 1 autovivek

## OR ##

{freebsd-server:~}$ sudo pw lock -n autovivek
A cautionary tale about locking Linux and FreeBSD user accounts

However, I soon discovered that a user named autovivek can still log into
the server and make changes despite being locked down on both Linux and
FreeBSD servers.

Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit

The post A cautionary tale about locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts
appeared first on nixCraft.

--
You are subscribed to email updates from "nixCraft: Linux Tips, Hacks,
Tutorials, And Ideas In Blog Format (RSS/FEED)."
To stop receiving these emails, you may unsubscribe now:
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tica, sans-serif;font-size:18px;" href=3D"https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/=
/etc/shells">Understanding the /etc/shells file


3px 0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:1=
3px;">
Posted: 04 May 2022 01:31 PM PDT


, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;color:#000000;">"0" src=3D"https://bash.cyberciti.biz/uploads/bashwiki/thumb/9/93/Understan=
ding_Linux_and_Unix_-etc-shells_file.png/800px-Understanding_Linux_and_Unix=
_-etc-shells_file.png">
{Updated} Did you know? M=
any Linux system services and login under Linux or Unix OS consult /etc/she=
lls file. It contains a list of login shells on the system. Applications us=
e this file to determine whether a shell is valid. Setting the wrong shell =
path will deny login.
The post de//etc/shells">Understanding the /etc/shells file appeared first on href=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/">nixCraft.



tica, sans-serif;font-size:18px;" href=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/uni=
x-linux-dd-create-make-disk-image-commands/">How to make disk image with dd=
on Linux or Unix


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{Updatedrong>} How to make disk image with dd on a Linux or Unix for backup and res=
tore purposes
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tica, sans-serif;font-size:18px;" href=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/network=
ing/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/">A caution=
ary tale about locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts


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3px;">
Posted: 04 May 2022 12:52 PM PDT


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http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

/new/cms/2022/05/A-cautionary-tale-about-locking-Linux-and-FreeBSD-user-acc=
ounts-and-ssh-logins.png">3D"A and FreeBSD user accounts and ssh logins" class=3D"aligncenter size-medium=
wp-image-1962" height=3D"382" src=3D"https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/c=
ms/2022/05/A-cautionary-tale-about-locking-Linux-and-FreeBSD-user-accounts-=
and-ssh-logins-599x382.png" width=3D"599">


Like every other solo developer and sysadmi=
n, I do stuff using ssh. Some stuff is automated using scripts, and others =
require ssh login. For example, one of my scripts logs into my Linux and Fr=
eeBSD server using public ssh keys and does a particular type of work for m=
e. I have a dedicated user account for that purpose called autovivek on Ras=
pberry PI 4 for Ansible and custom script automation. Here is how it works:=


ds in a $ sign and is not part of the command for the nonprivileged user.">=
{rpi4:~}$
ssh autovivek-at-192.168.2.17 /path/to/taks1


In other cases, it sends scripts and then executes them on the remote serve=
r named 192.168.2.17. Sounds good, right? So, when I need to make backups a=
nd other tasks, I lock down the autovivek user account on the server so tha=
t it will not modify data on disks. For example, here is how to lock down a=
user account:

ds in a $ sign and is not part of the command for the nonprivileged user.">=
{linux-server:~}$
sudo usermod -L -e 1 autovivek

## OR ##

a $ sign and is not part of the command for the nonprivileged user.">{freeb=
sd-server:~}$
sudo pw lock -n autovivek


A cautionary tale about locking Linux and FreeBSD user accounts


However, I soon discovered that a user named autovivek can still log int=
o the server and make changes despite being locked down on both Linux and F=
reeBSD servers.


Love this? sudo share_on: tweet?url=3Dhttps://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/a-cautionary-tale-about-lo=
cking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/&text=3DA cautionary tale about locki=
ng Linux & FreeBSD user accounts&via=3Dnixcraft">Twitter
g> - s://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-free=
bsd-user-accounts/">Facebook
- linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=3Dhttps://www.cyberciti.biz/network=
ing/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/">LinkedIn<=
/a>
- bout locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts https://www.cyberciti.biz/ne=
tworking/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/">What=
sapp
- s://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/a-cautionary-tale-about-locking-linux-free=
bsd-user-accounts/&title=3DA cautionary tale about locking Linux & =
FreeBSD user accounts">Reddit


The post le-about-locking-linux-freebsd-user-accounts/" rel=3D"nofollow">A cautionar=
y tale about locking Linux & FreeBSD user accounts
appeared first o=
n nixCraft.

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